Godwin's music video theory applied

Goodwin - music video
states that music videos contain some or all of the following elements:

• a link between the visuals and lyrics (compliment, contradict or amplify)
• genre characteristics (heavy metal in industrialized settings; rap music in urban street contexts etc)
• contain intertextual references (references to popular culture)
• contain notions of looking (eg screens with screens, Nicki Minaj and Justin Bieber doing a music video as a selfie camera)
• include objectification of females (eg male gaze)
• include demands of the record label (close ups of lead singer, symbols or motifs associated with the band / performer etc)
• video will be performance, narrative or concept based 

Godwin's theory applied to Million Reasons

• the gaga video talks about her laying down to pray and being really low at the time of the song, which is represented in the music video by her being alone in the desert laying on the floor. also a mention of her religion often in the song which matches with her have the rosary from her sister.
• it is pop music with a country vibe which is shown in the visuals, firstly by her being out the nature in the desert which is often apparent in country videos, and also by her playing a guitar which is shown in many country videos as the singer or band are trying to seem like they are playing the music live. there is the pop music twist as gag is playing an electric variation of a guitar and has very modern clothing on, such as the bright pink suit, or even the normal clothing that she wears in the desert.
• the country style in the video follows pop culture for country singers.
• we are watching Gaga looking at herself in the mirror for some of the shots that flick in and out. we also see her through the camera screen at the beginning when she is first in her pink suit.
• she inst really objectified in the video as she is often covered up in full clothing and moving around in a generic way that doesn't promote sexiness in any way. the only time that could possibly be said to follow this principle is when she is in the chair getting her hair and makeup done and she has a white toweling robe on that is open slightly, and the suit is fairly low cut but isn't revealing in any way.
• pretty much the majority of the music video is focusing on Gaga and her actions apart from others being in little parts of the video she is the main focus.
• the video is mainly narrative based with elements of performance aspects.

Godwin's theory applied to another video: Just My Type- The Vamps

• the lyrics talk about how the girl is just his type and that's what he is interested in even though it may not be the best thing for him. this is shown in the video when they are happy when together but she does all these things that he doesn't agree with because they are troublesome and she doesn't do the right things. she stole a top and flirts with his friends.
• it is heavily pop music and the video has a very light feeling to it with the setting in a nice area of morocco. the whole band are wearing nice smart clothing and it is very summery.
• travelling to foreign countries and exploring the culture could be seen as being trendy as well as the style of clothing they are wearing that are like casual suits.
• the video is mainly following the pair around morocco on their activities together but there is a point where photos are taken of the girl when on a boat that pop up onto the screen.
• the girl was just sat in the Moroccan bar gazing at the boys in a fairly short a low cut red dress stoking her legs. in the other scenes she is wearing casual clothing so doesn't constantly follow this theme. her personality is shown as being a bad girl which fits in the the lyrics and video but is also appeal to some guys. the girl is also always shown to be wearing a dress which may just be due it being summer but does follow a pattern.
• the video is sectioned between the band performing in the bar together, the lead singer with the girl travelling around morocco, the lead singer in morocco on his own singing to the camera; and finally at the end the band singing together with the girl flirting with them all. moat of the focus in the video is of the lead singer.
• the video has performance concepts when the lead singer is on his own and the with the whole band, but would most likely be considered a narrative as we follow the travels of the 'couple'.

gaga comparisons

How has Lady Gaga's image changed from her older videos to her newer ones, and why do you think that she has altered her image?

• Lady Gaga's images has changed significantly since her videos such as 'Born This Way' and 'Marry The Night' with the structure of the videos in some ways as well as the overall themes that she followed.
• Old Gaga videos often began with a movie like scene at the beginning resulting in a odd and slightly uncomfortable feeling, waiting for the song itself to start playing. In Born This Way the beginning part has very little to do with the actual song and video with only small correlation making it more confusing and difficult to find a link between them. In Marry The Night, the beginning part does have some more significance to the story that the music video is telling but follows the theme of a movie and is all too confusing. 
• her older videos made audiences uncomfortable and ranged from fairly unconventional to completely ridiculous.
• the more current video of Gaga's Million Reasons, is much calmer and follows a typical video more closely, whilst still retaining a similar structure to her original videos. The beginning has a very short scene that sets up the video but actually links rather than making no sense. She also has many changing of scene in the new video but that is common in all videos not just her older ones.
• Lady Gaga has grown as an artist and her visions for her videos and style, as well as her personality changing, and so has changed her music and videos to fit this. this change seems to be for good and she seems a lot happier now and is making music for fun and for the love of it, instead of for the industry standards. Her music is making a difference ans statement because of the lyrics, and it always has, she now doesn't use crazy videos to emphasize this.

meaning:

• the song is about Lady Gaga's ex fiance Taylor Kinney and the breakdown of their relationship.
• in the documentary, she explains that during every major milestone in her life her relationships have always failed.
• she explains that "in relationships you have to move together as much as you can".

lyric analysis:

I bow down to pray
I try to make the worst seem better
Lord, show me the way

• shows that she is turning to her religion as she is in a time of need and everything in her life is falling apart.
• she is very optimistic in that she just wants to see the best in things and she isn't asking for a lot she is just asking for guidance through the bad.

But baby, I just need one good one to stay

• out of all the things that have gone wrong and aren't goof, she only needs a single thing to remain where she is.
• means that she doesn't want to leave but there is nothing to make her stay.
• also could reference that she only needs one good partner to stay with her as they always leave at major milestones.

And if you say something that you might even mean
It's hard to even fathom which parts I should believe

• she has been lied to many times before and doesn't know whether she can believe stuff to be true even though she wants to be.
• shows that she is strong and wont just blindly follow him if he says what she wants to hear.

Every heartbreak makes it hard to keep the faith

• each time someone leaves her it chips away at herself and the faith that she has in god but also relationships. 

Million Reasons (1)

media representations

• the way events, issues, individuals are represented through processes of selection and combination.
• the way the media, through representation, construct versions of reality.
• the process which lead media producers to make choices about how to represent events, issues, individuals and social groups.
• the effect of social and cultural context on representations
• how and why stereotypes can be used positively and negatively.
• how and why particular social groups, in a national and global context, may be under-represented or misrepresented
• how media representations convey values, attitudes and beliefs about the world and how these may be systematically reinforced across a wide range of media representations
• how audiences respond to and interpret media representations.

background of Lady Gaga:

• Lady Gaga's real name is 'Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta'.
• Gaga's musical inspiration varies from singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Freddie Mercury, as well as theatrics of Andy Warhol and her own performance roots in musical theater.
• Lady Gaga's is mostly known for her outrageous style and the album 'Joanne' is a complete contrast to her previous image as it is very natural and 'stripped back'.

representations (stereotype):

• she has the dark roots of her hair showing from in the scene of her in the dessert being picked up by her friends which could link to her Italian roots of those originating having dark thick hair.
• the idea that she is down to earth contrasts the stereotypes that all celebrities are unreachable and only care about the wealth they have

Lady Gaga's star image:

• her image seems very down to earth in the simplicity of the video and how she acts on the screen.
•  the way that she has chosen to be represented is a country and chilled vibe which contrasts seemingly to the life that she lives in a very fast paced and competitive world.
• the song also talks about her love life and religious beliefs which is not often shown by celebrities as they prefer to keep their own lives private and away from the public eye. she is showing that not everything is perfect and she is the same person that she used to be.

narrative:

• As she starts getting ready, the singer notices a small box with a bow atop it on her desk.
• The video then inter-cuts to a number of flashbacks—Gaga singing in a white studio while playing the guitar, getting rescued by her friends from the desert and breaking down in tears.
• Finally Gaga opens the box which reveals the content to be a rosary with a note saying "Love you, sis".

It grew organically from the conversations that Lindsey and Gaga were having one day, with the title phrase lifted from the singer's musings about the men in her life. The track is a pop song with country influences. It lyrically delves on "heartbreak and hope" during a relationship, as well as Gaga's religious faith during the chorus, ultimately making it a song with a positive message. It shows Gaga singing in a white studio, and also her in a desert, breaking down before being rescued by her friends.


representations as a female:

• she is sat in a chair getting all of her hair and makeup done for a show that she is performing, made to dress up and be stereotypical feminine.
• baby pink suit which is contrasting as the pink is stereotypically a feminine colour but the suit is more masculine.
• when performing in the white room with the suit on, sh has extremely long blonde hair which is stereotypically feminine 
• she is shown to be a strong woman as she is crying and trying to run away from all the drama but she still gets back up and hides her feelings to perform for the people and cameras.

mise-en-scene:

• when she is in the desert the sun is setting and it is quite dusky but with an orange hue, this could show that something is ending but there is still a glimmer of hope in the distance.
• wearing a black hat and dark sunglasses after crying to conceal her identity and hide what she is going through. (postmodernism)
• her playing the guitar could be a tribute to her writing her own songs and being fairly independent in that field, the one thing that she doesn't need someone for. represent her music and that it is still standing strong after the breakup.

billie jean

Analyse how the Billie Jean music video by Michael Jackson uses stereotypes to represent a varying representation of ethnicity (10)


Include:

• analysis of stereotyping in the video considering media language elements specific to music videos such as camera shots, angles, editing, mise-en-scene (lighting, setting, locations, costumes, props, makeup) and sound
• links to social, historical and cultural references.
• accurate analysis of how the Billie Jean music video uses stereotypes to represent a variety of images of ethnicity, which provides logical connections and a good line of reasoning.

recommended structure:
introduction                                                                                         point    
social, historical and cultural                                                              evidence          
mise-en-scene and media language                                                    technical language                      
                                                                                                            evaluate                          conclusion






explaining a scene in the video
















In the Michael Jackson music video, Billie Jean, many different stereotypes are used as varying representation of ethnicity in pop culture. Many different techniques are used in the video to represent ethnicity; such as camera shots, editing styles, wardrobe and actions appearing in the video itself. All of these properties of the music video combine together to represent a variety of images of ethnicity shown to the audience. Jackson is followed by a photographer who is attempting to catch him in the act of doing something wrong.
















There are a range of stereotypes presented in the video, some good and some bad, that showcase the issues at the time of filming of Jacksons video. Jackson is showing walking over to a homeless man and flipping a coin into his hat, thus transforms the man into clean clothes and a happy persona. The use of this mise-en-scene represents a positive stereotype for ethnicity, in that all people can be kind and generous. the light that emanates from the homeless man could depict Jackson as being his guardian angel and using his magic, money, to turn his life around. The camera shoots the shot of Jackson throwing the coin below him to show that there is some superiority to Jackson and he is of a higher class but still respects those below him.












Alvarado's theory's of representation identified four main types of portrayal of those in video with different ethnicities, the humorous, the exotic, the pitied, and the dangerous. Jackson, due to being in charge of the video himself mainly, does not really follow any of these stereotypes given to those acting in media. as the press chases him around, Jackson is vigilant and makes sure he does not get bested by the paparazzi whilst still remaining collected. The editing of Jackson disappearing whenever the photographer gets near to him represents his strength as a person and not needing any help to escape the trouble that has been made for him.




















Introduction: The music video 'Billie Jean' by Michael Jackson
 from 1982 highlights a number of positive and negative representations of ethnicity. It draws upon a number of ethnic stereotypes including Alvarado's theory of representation that identified the four types of ethnic representation in media, the humorous, the exotic, the pitied and the dangerous, within the video.
Social, historical and cultural: Billie Jean was released by Jackson in 1982. At the time many negative stereotypes were held towards those of African -American decent, similar to Jackson. The video was ground breaking because it became extremely popular with those in many different communities and helped break the barriers and negative stereotypes held. It holds a clear narrative considering ...... Which links to ......
Mise-en-scene: The media language of the video highlights a number of stereotypes used, for example as Michael Jackson walks down the street the paving slabs light up. This has connotations of him spreading happiness and light wherever he goes and also link to the Midas touch where anything he touches turns to gold. this could show Jackson being able to spread love and success to others; similarly to when he gives money to the homeless man. It is also seen through the use of camera when Jackson is approaching the homeless man and gives him a coin, the camera angle is facing up, with the camera below him, highlighting that he is above the people but still cares about them. Stereotypes are evident in the use of costumes when Jackson is shown to be wearing smart and fairly normal clothes for those at the time of the video filming. the clothing he is shown in is more on the smart side, which goes against stereotypes of wearing baggy and ragged clothing.
Conclusion: Back up your points and remind the examiner how ethnicity is shown through the use of stereotypes.






There are a range of stereotypes presented in the video, some good and some bad, that showcase the issues at the time of filming of Jacksons video. Alvarado's theory's of representation identified four main types of portrayal of those in video with different ethnicities, the humorous, the exotic, the pitied, and the dangerous.

Billie jean (2)

how is ethnicity and star image shown through mise-en-scene? consider stereotypes ...
setting
props
facial expressions
hair and make up
lighting and colour
positioning

this scene

• the background of the shot is very dark and seems to be at night, the darkness behind Jackson makes a very mysterious aura around him.
• the bow tie he is wearing could be considered a prop in the scene to enhance his appearance but other than that there is nothing like a prop.
• Jackson looks almost sad or disappointed at something and he is looking down on it to possibly symbolise the distaste he has and that he is above it all, wont stoop so low.
• his hair is pulled back with a few little curls hanging over his face. there is no obvious makeup that is intended for audience viewing (stage makeup). the pulled up hair matches his put together outfit but the looseness and messiness shows him still being down to earth
• it is very dark (similar to setting) and has a lot of dark colours. the light pink of his shirt and red of his bow tie draws attention to Jackson.
• he is in the middle of the camera with him being the solid and only focus of the shot. he is slightly above the camera to enhance his appearance.

the video as a whole

• the video being set in a city
• tiger fabric metaphor of the woman (and the cat and the tiger) the detective finds the cloth and uses it as proof to say that Jackson did sleep with the girl he is denying. makes Jackson question did it actually happen if there is evidence as well. links to press and paparazzi being able to created evidence if they want to show something is 'true' in their eyes.
• sometimes looks bored and over the situation going on.
• his hair is probably standard for the time period that the video was shot in, nothing unusual.
• the bass line of the song is repetitive which could represent the repetition of his message that the child is not his etc. could also represent his heartrate during the time of all of this as it is quick and unsteady.
• unusually unsteady baseline could represent Michael Jacksons feelings throughout the time. 

editing in the video


the editing that is shown is very basic in the terms of it being screenshots that then link into video footage of Jackson. for example Jackson is in front of some cameras leaning o the lamppost and they all try to snap a photo of him, however he disappears.
then a screenshot of him appears on the screen in a new location that evidently turns into a video of him dancing full screen.
a few seconds later more screen caps appear and then transform into Jackson dancing along the same setting.
these could represent a few things: one being that Jackson cannot go anywhere without the press and paparazzi taking photos of him doing everyday things. it could also show the press making 'fake news' as Jackson disappeared when the images were taken yet they still somehow have photos of him in a different location. showing that they make up things to frame people and create news.

representation

Alvarado (1987) identified four main types

1. the humorous, providing comic relief
2. the exotic; other cultures presented as unusual and exotic in the traditions and ways of living
3. the pitied: objects of pity and vulnerability
4. the dangerous; criminal, gangster and usually coupled with a binary opposition such as the respectable white character

social, cultural and historical context

• the reporter could represent Jackson being constantly hounded by the press in general as well as with the baby situation
• they also represent a repressed community that is monitored and controlled by the press
• tiger material representing the wild animals that he kept as pets in his home.
• the music video came out in 1982

Billie jean (1)

Billie Jean - Michael Jackson - AS Case Study

Media Theoretical Framework - AS - Component 1

Michael Jackson - 1982

1. what representations are being shown? stereotypes?

• detectives - cliche 80s detective drama - cloak / hiding behind newspapers / magnifying glass - Pink Panther
• homeless - stereotypical - male -> subverted (after money was put in the cup)
• women in the bed - mysterious - hear 'Billie Jean' yet don't see her - only in bed
• neighbour - old nosy granny (1st calling detective) / old (shower cap) / female

2. what is the narrative?

• 1st impression: Billie Jean has a child w/ Jackson yet he isn't interested in a romantic relationship - unwanted attention from press - constantly followed
• black & white - detective & homeless man
• Jackson walks across street
• detective watches
• Jackson dances
• Jackson enters hotel room - detective & neighbour watching
• Jackson gets into bed w/ someone
• detectives @ window then Jackson disappears & becomes invisible
• see where he walks - invisible
• leopard print top turns into a cat

3. how is Michael Jackson seen? star image?

• star theory - being followed / lights up energy time he takes a step - important / magical
• young black male
• portrayed groupies

star theory (Richard Dyers)

- the idea that celebrities are manufactured by institutions to represent 'real people' experiencing real emotions in order to relate to audiences / untouchability - God like quality yet relatable

History

- historically significant music video

- one of the first videos on MTV to ft. a black artist & be aired on regular rotation

- immense popularity - helped bring MTV into mainstream / breakthrough racial barriers on TV networks / helped propel 'Thriller' album to bestselling album of all time

- considered to bring MTV from new & unknown music channel → mainstream attention

- network's executives felt black music wasn't 'rock' enough

What is the song about?

- theory 1:

- "there never was a real Billie Jean. the girl in the song is a composite of people my brothers have been plagued with over the years. I could never understand how these girls could say they were carrying someone's child when it wasn't true" - Michael Jackson, Moonwalk (1988)

- Jackson stated several times that 'Billie Jean' was based on groupies he & his brothers encountered whilst part of the Jackson 5 - anonymous - represents lots of girls (60s groupies)

- "they would hang around backstage doors and any band would come to town they would have a relationship with and I think I wrote this out of experience with my brothers when I was little. there were a lot of Billie Jeans out there. every girl claimed that their son was related to one of my brothers" - due to fame of Jackson 5 / wanting to have the money for a way of living

-vs-

- theory 2:

- Jackson's biographer I.Randy Taraborrelli promoted theory: Billie Jean was derived from a real life experience the singer faced in 1981 - 'The Magic & The Madness' documents how a young woman wrote Jackson a letter saying he was the father of 1 of her twins - Jackson regularly received similar letters so ignored it - woman continued writing letters saying she loved him / wanted to be with him / how happy they would be raising a child together / how could Jackson ignore his own flesh & blood - disturbed Jackson & gave him nightmares

- following letters, Jackson received parcel containing:

• photograph of fan - Jackson horrified & hung photograph in frame above family dining table (mother dismayed)
• letter (asking Jackson to kill himself on a certain day & time / if they couldn't be together in this life, they would be together in the next)
• gun

- after, Jacksons discovered the fan had been sent to a psychiatric

essay question

Q: explain how the representations in magazines reflect their contexts. refer to the big issue covers you have studied to support your answer. (10) point, evidence, theory, evaluate




in the big issue cover staring lin manuel-miranda, masculinity is presented in a much more non conventional sense to how it is most commonly  presented in the media. lin manuel is very musically and drama oriented with many of his successes being in the field of acting, song writing or performances on stage. this presents halls representation theory as the magazine are using their platform to present a different appearance of a famous heterosexual male whom is interested in stereotypically unconventional activities. by putting a man like this on the cover it will attract audiences who wish to have freedom in their lives and feel suffocated by the impossible standards of masculinity they have to present. lin manuel has a purple and gold sparkly backdrop which further reiterates the step towards acceptance and normalisation of activities and interests seen to be more feminine.




as well as this the cover also represents the more wealthy and famous population as being down to earth and relatable. lin manuel-miranda wears a beige coloured polo shirt that is not perfectly well fitted with the sleeves roughly rolled up, as well as having un-kept facial hair. this can link to the theory of postmodernism as we usually only see the simulacra of celebrities and it is impossible to know what their reality is, hyper reality. by having a more casual look that is most common of an everyday reader it begins to eliminate the separation between reader and celebrity. it makes him more relatable and real to audiences




























































Q: analyse why the big issue magazine has used an intertextual approach to brexit on its front cover (15)
in your answer you must :analyse the use of intertextuality to create meaning in the source. make judgements and reach a conclusion about the advantages of this use of intertextuality to the big issue magazine.

theories applied to magazines

Barthes- semiology

• can be applied to any sign, including language and images, to examine connotations and ideology.
• draws attention to the naturalising effect of ideology in any text - this applies particularly to newspapers and magazines, as headlines typically assume a shared view of the world with the readers in order to be easily understood.

Neale - genre theory

• can be applied to any media product that has genres and links together media language, audiences and industries.
• the concept of genre as a shared code explains how genres can change (e.g. the 'quality' press becoming more like tabloids) and hybridise (e.g. the middle-market tabloids, such as the mail, that follow both tabloid and broadsheet conventions)

Baudrillard - postmodernism

• can be applied to any cultural product
• particularly applies to news about news, or celebrities who are famous for being famous, where there is no sense of a 'real; person behind the hyper reality.
• orange is reality (what we see behind the scenes and how the media used to present people), orange juice is heightened reality (more intense than reality and is mostly the same but is heightened and still has strong links to reality, and Fanta is a simulacrum
• simulacra/um- a copy of reality that is so artificial it does not link to reality at all, we are surrounded by so many that it is almost impossible to tell the difference as they are packaged the same as what we believe to be reality. copy of reality
• are media products reality, or a cleverly packaged, glossed version mad to look like reality where, wither, the audience cannot tell the difference or would rather believe them as it is an ideal reality.
• hyper reality- cannot tell the difference between reality and simulacrum

Hall - representation

• can be applied to any media product
• applies particularly to the way in which headlines try to fix the meaning of a representation, both the copy and the photographs.
• draws attention to the role of power in representations - both the general distribution of power in society and the power of the print media as an institution - but also the power of the audience to decode representations in different ways.

Gauntlett - identity

• applies to the sense of identity that a newspaper or magazine can offer its readers - e.g. the identity of a liberal, progressive Guardian reader, or a patriotic, hard-headed mail reader.
• applies to the what different sections of print media offer diverse and sometimes contradictory media messages to audience, thus offering a range of points of identification.

Van Zoonen - gender

• can be applied to any media product, especially representation of gender.
• the concept of patriarchy may be applied to the ownership and control of print media  companies, the recruitment and ethos of their professionals, news values, and the representations of gender, especially the representations of women's bodies.

• the actor on the front is appealing to men and women as both would watch the TV show this actor is most well known for.
• the target audience is (legally) 18+ due to the age rating of the TV show however many people under that age would have seen it.
• representing Kit Harrington and an interview about him and what he is wanting to tell the world.
• postmodernism this is his reality or what we think is his reality because he is out of character however we do not know if this is his true personality, hyper reality.
• the genre of the magazine is constantly changing to appeal to as many demographics as possible.
• the flaming letters relate to the role he played and the theme of fire, death and dragons. also links to him being a good character and fighting the whit walkers who are ice based characters.
• his profile and the majority of the poster being black and white could represent darkness and the death in the show or his life.
• having the word game may link memories to him and the tv show so people know where he has come from.

• very edited image of Will.i.am that makes him look unreal or similar to an animatronic or hologram. proposes the idea that he is not real and everything is an act for the people.
• postmodernism this is his reality, we are actually being told the 'reality' of him and the fake image of him represents the simulacrum version of him.
• many quotes that give the reader an idea of what the interview is going to be about and many of his own opinions to get people to see if they agree or not.
• the yellow hue surrounding his head could represent him being a guiding light that wants to show people the way into his truth.
• representation as it is an interview representing him as a person but also representing his beliefs on topics such as politics. would the magazine post his political ideas if they strongly disagreed with them.
• all positive representations of him.

• very bright and child-like images that look like something out of a fairy tale book. it is about how to be happy and all of the images are supposed to be able to provoke a happiness response from  a person, especially when combined together.
• all of the emoticons are happy or smiling which is known to result in smiling as it is contagious.
• there is something political about the issue as Donald trumps face is plastered onto the twitter birds face which is most likely making fun of one of his tyrannical rants on twitter.
• it states much lower down in a text banner that the world has gone wrong (which is why they want people to be happy) symbolising that politics are making the world go to crap.
• representation of their political views in the paper as the are making fun of Donald trump and saying he has turned everything bad.
• semiology is prominent as there are many of the texts that are different in colours and styles and fonts and all have an impact on how the cover is presented.
• have a neuroscientist speaking about how to be happy, saying that they need to fix their sadness manually and chemically rather then just finding happiness naturally.
• missiles have happy faces as the feud between trump and Korea had been settled for the time being. brexit and blue passports with a beret on it. 
• is Putin on the unicorn?

• in a suit in a bathtub which is very conflicting and does not make any sense. the bath is very hot a the water has a lot of steam coming off of it and Cumberbatch looks very uncomfortable.
• underneath his name it says jump right in which could relate to him jumping in the bath with clothing on.
• there is a dr strange figurine on the boat which relates to the character that Cumberbatch played in the MCU
• there is also a duck with a detectives outfit on and a magnifying glass to represent the character Sherlock he played.
• an enigma coding machine is also in the bath representing another one of his film and tv roles.
• all of the objects in the bath are linked to the intertextuality of Cumberbatch as it is promoting other film and tv roles that he has portrayed to the reader. 
• he is earing a black tie suit and has his hair styled which is unusual for him, this may represent his red carpet events and winnings of awards and his professionalism.
• it is an interview so we have an inkling that the things in the bath will be discussed in the interview giving the reader an idea about what will be discussed.

• it is an everyday person who is not recognisable or famous.
• reiterates the big issue is about the people for the people and wants to help those who need help.
• they may have some religious beliefs as the main story is about the man seeing the face of god.
• there is  light glowing from behind the man almost like a halo or sunshine, which would represent the guardian angel that saved his life in the coma.
• the title is very blunt and straight to the point. small short sentences that are only informational so people can read them quickly and want to continue reading for more information.
• main colour of yellow shows happiness and hope. 
• dedicated to the big issue vendor and that they wouldn't give up on him because he wouldn't give up on himself.

• many people easily can recognise the image on the front of the magazine from the beatles yellow submarine album cover.
• the image is very cartoonish and easy to identify to people of all ages whether they know the album or not.
• the use of the word timeless on the cover shows that the copy can be appealing to any person no matter their age as this is timeless and has no limit.
• drawn the same as it is in the movie the yellow submarine.
• target audience would be beatles listener and many people of a generation before millennial however people of a younger age will still be able to know where it is from.
• the beatles are in the four windows to solidify the audiences' identification of the band members and image.

institutions in magazines

• frequency- how often are they published?
• appeal- who is interested in it? / who is the target audience?
• revenue- amount of money the magazine makes

• special interest magazines are focused on a specific topic: such as golfing, fishing, birdwatching wtc
• automotive title are usually about cars and bikes and range across different things with cars
• young women's titles
• celebrity
• music

Conde Nast

they publish many magazines such as: British Vogue, the New Yorker, Vanity Fair, Teen Vogue, Golf Digest and Glamour.

advanced publications own the Conde Nast company today.

many of the magazines that are published by Conde Nast no longer appear in print format due to the changing times, however some of the publications are still available on print.

on average the circulation figures for teen vogue are higher than those of glamour with teen vogue having 17,221 and glamour having 12,645 online viewers in September 2019. these numbers are lower than many others that have been recorded, however with the magazine leaving the print world it will be most likely these figures rise.


Conde Nast appear on other media platforms such as snapchat, Facebook, Instagram and twitter.

tucker vs partridge

• 
  both have the aim of comedic value to the watcher however they go about it in very different ways presenting two different types of comedy.
• tucker is very loud, obnoxious and rude in the way he presents his comedic aspects, which appeals to a much smaller target audience as he can be violent and uses profanities.
• partridge, on the other hand, is more traditionally comedic; with his skits and jokes and appeals to many audiences of different genders and ages.
• both of these characters are being used to present the political issues that are prominent in todays society without commonly involving the actual political leaders.
• it is making the political situation into a comedy and poking fun at the politicians as they are making fools of them selves.
• the union jack background makes the link even stronger to the political context in the UK parliament.
• both have different coloured ties to help further present their views in the political field.
• the black and white bold colouring of the big issue logo shows their opposition to the issue as a whole and how they are only recording the issues and not actually giving their own opinion to avoid bias.

• very famous person who is a song and play writer, as well as an all-around performer. he has appeared in many things such as the musical Hamilton, Mary Poppins and His Dark Materials by Phillip Pullman.
• this is presented to a large target audience as many people are aware of who he is but also can see some of the things that he has been in that appeals to themselves as well.
• his stance of pointing his finger, combined with the sparkles above his head create a magical feel (which is the aim of many of his movies an musicals) and are eye catching to those who see the front cover.
• the reason for the magazine putting that he is telling his story creates a more personal feel to the magazine as the readers will feel they are getting an in depth look into this never before heard personal life.
• the sparkling gold text that is takes up a large amount of the front cover, is very fitting for the musical past he has had.
• indigo in the background of the poster is very mysterious representing that his story is hidden and hen the gold represents the fact he is going to be sharing with the reader about all that is hidden.